Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Winter 2017

Diabetes care involves more than glycemic control and it is important to manage other cardiovascular risk factors. Along with dietary and pharmacological interventions, exercise is a key element of diabetes management. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short term lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on lipid profiles obese and overweight middle aged men with type 2 diabetes.

Sixteen obese and overweight middle aged men (age, 35-50 years) with type 2 diabetes participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to LAM group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in LAM group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine.

The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL-c were decreased and Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and HDL-c increased in the LAM group compared to the control group (P<0.05). For Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) no significant change was observed after the intervention.

In conclusion, lipid profiles were improved after 12 weeks LAM in obese and overweight middle aged men with type 2 diabetes.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is a plasma biomarker recently associated with obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Exercise training may effective to improved type 2 diabetes by decreases A-FABP concentrations; therefore the aim of this study was to investigate A-FABP concentrations in middle-aged men after 8 weeks combined resistance and endurance training.

Twenty two sedentary obese middle-aged men (aged: 46.7 ± 2.4 years and body mass index (BMI): 32.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=11) or control group (n=11). The training group was performed combined resistance and endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks.

The results showed that the body weight, body mass index and body fat percent were decreased in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). After 8 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the A-FABP and fasting glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance in compared with the control group.

The results suggest combined resistance and endurance training decreases A-FABP concentrations and enhanced insulin resistance in obese middle-aged men.

Studies show that our body follows a daily cycle so-called circadian rhythm which affects a large number of physiological and psychological actions such as body temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone secretion and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a training session on serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, cortisol and lipoprotein at different hours of the day in elite male Taekwondo athletes.

Twenty eight elite male sport of Taekwondo athletes with 23.7±2.7 years old and 10.2±5.4 years experience in sports were divided into two groups as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=14) randomly. The experimental group did a steady training program for 60 min corresponded with 70-90 percentage of their heart rate reserve at 08:00 A.M and 08:00 P.M in two different days. The control group rested at the same time and place. Blood samples were collected before and after training.

Serum cortisol concentrations before and after training was higher in the morning significantly (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference between serum immunoglobulin A concentrations before training in the morning and at the afternoon. Serum cholesterol concentrations after the training in the afternoon were lower than after exercise in the morning significantly (P<0.05), serum HDL concentrations in the morning were higher than in the afternoon (P<0.05), serum vLDL and TG concentrations were higher in the afternoon than the morning (P<0.05).

Results show that a training session is effective on concentrations of serum lipids and lipoproteins and is associated with circadian changes in some of factors, so that a training session in the morning was leading to increased in serum cortisol concentrations of the elite Taekwondo athletes.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in postmenopausal women. Exercise affects breast cancer risk and outcomes, but little is known about the mechanisms through which this effect may be mediated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on plasma leptin and adiponectin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

Nineteen postmenopausal women with breast cancer (aged: 55 ± 2.7 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=11) or control group (n=8). Subjects in the experimental group performed 12 weeks of an exercise program which consisted of 25 to 45 minutes of walking with an intensity of 45-65% of target heart rate, three times a week.

Body mass and BMI decreased (P<0.05) after 12 weeks exercise training compared to the control group, while no significant change in body fat percent and WHR were found. Plasma leptin decreased (P<0.05) and plasma adiponectin increased (P<0.05) in response to 12 weeks aerobic exercise training compared to the control group, while insulin resistance determined by HOMA-IR did not change in the training group.

In summary, 12 weeks aerobic exercise increase plasma adiponectin and decrease plasma leptin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of vitamin C on DOMS after an eccentric exercise.

Twenty healthy male age 21 to 24 years participated as subjects in this study. The subjects were assigned to either an experimental (3500 mg of vitamin C; n=10) or a placebo group (Same dosage of juice powder; n=10) using a double-blind research design. Knee range of motion (ROM), perceived pain and serum activity of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C reactive protein (CRP) were taken before, immediately and 48 hours after the eccentric exercise.

Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, CRP and pain increased (P<0.05) and knee ROM decreased (P<0.05) in the both groups immediately after the eccentric exercise. The vitamin C supplementation decreased the pain and CRP levels compare to the placebo group at 48 hours after the eccentric exercise (P<0.05) but it has not effective to improve LDH, CK and knee ROM.

In conclusion, further studies are needed to examine the effects of vitamin C supplementation on DOMS induced by eccentric exercise.

This study compared the effects of 8 – week of concurrent exercises (aerobic and resistance training) with and without Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) supplement on testosterone level and lipid profiles of male body builders.

Forty male body builders that had 3-4 years training background were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups as control group who only did concurrent exercises (aerobic –resistance) and experimental group who perform concurrent exercise and taking BCAA supplement after training and before going to bed. The average age and body mass index of control group and experimental group were 24.8±5.1and 27.3 ± 2.15, 25 ± 2.1 and 27.4 ± 2.13 respectively. To show the central tendency and variability, descriptive statistics was applied. Independent t-test analyses were carried out to discover the difference of the two groups. Statistical significance was set at (P<0.05). All data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18.

The results show significant decrease of Triglyceride (TG) (P= 0.001), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (P=0.034), total cholesterol (TC) (P=0.003) and increase high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (P=0.001) in control group and decrease of TG (P=0.001) LDL (P=0.037), TC (P=0.025) and increases of HDL-c (P=0.002) in experimental group. Furthermore, the testosterone level of subjects didn’t change significantly in control and experimental groups.

In conclusion, concurrent training may be more effective than endurance and strength training alone for simultaneously improving the serum lipid profile.